【People's Education Edition】High School Chemistry Elective Compulsory Volume 2

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is an elective compulsory module of the high school chemistry curriculum, delving into the intrinsic connections between microscopic structures (atoms, molecules, crystals) and their macroscopic properties.

Explore the mysteries of the microscopic world and reveal the chemical essence of material properties.

Author: People's Education Press Curriculum Textbook Research Institute Chemistry Curriculum Textbook Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: Approved by the National Textbook Committee Expert Committee in 2019

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Describe the motion states of electrons outside atomic nuclei, and master concepts such as energy levels, sublevels, atomic orbitals, and electron spin.
2. Accurately write electron configurations and orbital diagrams for ground-state atoms of common elements.
3. Apply electron configuration rules to explain trends in elemental properties (e.g., ionization energy variations, atomic spectral line formation).
4. Understand bonding nature: distinguish the formation characteristics (axial symmetry vs. mirror symmetry) of \sigma bonds and \pi bonds, and their distribution in single, double, and triple bonds.
5. Predict molecular geometry: proficiently use the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model to calculate lone pair counts, and combine it with hybrid orbital theory (sp, sp^2, sp^3) to deduce molecular spatial configurations.
6. Explain physical properties: determine molecular polarity based on bond polarity vectors, and use intermolecular forces and the "like dissolves like" principle to explain trends in melting/boiling points and solubility.
7. Explain the characteristics of plasmas and liquid crystals, and clarify differences between crystals and amorphous materials in terms of microscopic structure and macroscopic properties (self-forming ability, anisotropy).
8. Master the concept of the unit cell; skillfully apply the "sharing method" to calculate the number of atoms within a unit cell, and understand the role of X-ray diffraction in determining crystal structures.
9. Distinguish and describe the microscopic particles and interparticle interactions in molecular crystals, covalent crystals, metallic crystals (electron gas theory), and ionic crystals; understand the existence of transitional and mixed-type crystals.