【PEP】High School Physics Elective Compulsory Volume 3
This textbook is the third volume of the elective compulsory series for high school physics, delving deeply into core topics such as molecular kinetic theory, states of matter and their changes, thermodynamics laws, atomic structure, wave-particle duality, and nuclear physics, aiming to enhance students' core competencies in physics.
Course Overview
📚 Content Summary
This textbook is the third volume of the elective compulsory series for high school physics, delving deeply into core topics such as molecular kinetic theory, states of matter and their transformations, thermodynamic laws, atomic structure, wave-particle duality, and nuclear physics, aiming to enhance students’ core competencies in physics.
Explore the mysteries of macroscopic thermodynamics and microscopic quantum phenomena; master the fundamental laws governing the physical world.
Author: Qiancheng Peng, Shubu Huang
Acknowledgments: Approved by the Expert Committee of the National Textbook Committee (2019)
🎯 Learning Objectives
- Understand microscopic composition: Be able to state the basic principles of molecular kinetic theory, master calculations involving Avogadro’s constant, and comprehend the principle behind estimating molecular size using the oil film method.
- Analyze motion and forces: Be able to distinguish between Brownian motion and thermal motion, and describe how intermolecular forces of attraction and repulsion vary with distance.
- Master statistical laws: Be able to use a statistical perspective to explain the microscopic origin of gas pressure, and analyze how temperature affects the distribution curve of molecular speeds.
- Understand and skillfully apply Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law to solve problems involving real gas state changes.
- Master the ideal gas equation (\frac{pV}{T} = C) and be able to explain the microscopic origin of gas pressure from a molecular perspective.
- Be able to differentiate physical properties between crystals and non-crystals, and understand the symmetry and anisotropy of crystal microstructures.
- Understand the relationship among work, heat, and internal energy change; master the expression of the first law of thermodynamics \Delta U = Q + W, and perform quantitative calculations.
- Be able to explain why perpetual motion machines of the first and second kind are impossible, from the perspectives of energy transformation and directionality.
- Understand Clausius and Kelvin statements of the second law of thermodynamics, recognize the directionality of natural macroscopic processes, and grasp the principle of entropy increase.
- Understand key quantized concepts such as quanta, photons, and energy levels; be able to apply Planck’s formula and Einstein’s photoelectric effect equation to solve physics problems.
Lessons 共 5 课时 · 预计 15.0h
Lessons
Lesson
This lesson introduces the molecular kinetic theory, explaining that matter is composed of discrete particles in constant, random thermal motion. Students learn to bridge the gap between microscopic and macroscopic scales through the Avogadro constant, the oil film experiment for estimating molecular size, and the analysis of Brownian motion as evidence of molecular activity.
本课程介绍了热力学温标的物理意义及其与摄氏温标的换算关系，并深入探讨了玻意耳定律、查理定律和盖-吕萨克定律等气体实验定律。通过引入理想气体模型，课程帮助学生理解如何利用科学抽象简化复杂物理过程，并掌握在不同宏观条件下分析气体状态变化的方法。
This lesson explores the fundamental equivalence between mechanical work and heat transfer in changing a system's internal energy, as established by Joule's experiments. Students will learn to apply the First Law of Thermodynamics ($\Delta U = Q + W$) to analyze energy conservation and track energy transformations in various physical processes.
This lesson explores the transition from classical physics to quantum theory by examining blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and Einstein’s photon hypothesis. Students will learn how the concepts of energy quantization and the photon model resolve the failures of classical wave theory, enabling a deeper understanding of light-matter interactions and atomic structure.
本节课深入探讨了量子物理与原子核物理的核心概念，重点解析了德布罗意物质波的微观波动性及其在芯片技术中的应用，并详细阐述了天然放射性现象、三种射线的特征以及核反应方程中必须遵循的电荷数与质量数守恒定律。通过学习，学生能够理解微观粒子行为与宏观物理现象的内在联系，并掌握核衰变与核反应的定量分析方法。