Modern C++ Tutorial

This tutorial is designed to provide experienced developers with a quick reference to the new features of C++11/14/17/20. The content covers language usability enhancements, runtime improvements, the use of new containers, smart pointers and memory management, regular expressions, concurrent programming, and a preview of C++20.

Quickly get up to speed with C++11/14/17/20 and step through the gateway to modern C++ programming.

Author: 欧长坤 (Ou Changkun)

Acknowledgments: 采用 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 协议授权，致谢所有 GitHub 贡献者及相关社区支持。

1. Identify and verify the C++ compiler environment and target architecture using command-line tools.
2. Explain the standard compatibility and overlapping history between C (C89, C99, C11) and C++ (C++98, C++1x).
3. Implement functional cross-language linking by using extern "C" headers and multi-stage compilation workflows.
4. Resolve pointer ambiguity using nullptr and implement compile-time logic using constexpr and if constexpr.
5. Simplify complex declarations using auto, decltype, and type aliasing (using) while ensuring robust object-oriented design with override and final.
6. Design highly generic code using variadic templates, fold expressions, and non-type template parameter deduction.
7. Define and implement Lambda expressions using various capture modes (Value, Reference, Expression, and Generic).
8. Utilize std::function and std::bind to create flexible function wrappers and partial function applications.
9. Categorize expressions into Lvalues, Prvalues, and Xvalues, and apply Move Semantics to optimize class resource management.
10. Differentiate between the memory models and use cases of std::array (fixed size, stack) and std::vector (dynamic size, heap).