【人教版】High School Biology Selective Compulsory Volume 1
This course is based on the PEP (People's Education Press) high school biology selective compulsory textbook Volume 1, exploring in depth the human internal environment and homeostasis, neural regulation, humoral regulation, immune regulation, and the regulation of plant life activities. Through the study of physiological mechanisms and experimental investigations, it cultivates students' scientific thinking and understanding of life concepts.
Lessons
Lesson
本课程介绍了人体内环境（细胞外液）的定义、组成及其作为细胞生存直接媒介的重要性，重点阐述了血浆、组织液与淋巴之间的动态转化关系。通过学习，学生将理解内环境稳态的动态平衡机制，并能运用相关生物学原理分析组织水肿、生化指标异常等生理现象。
本课程介绍了神经系统作为机体“自动驾驶”系统的核心机制，重点探讨了内环境稳态的维持、中枢与外周神经系统的结构分工，以及自主神经系统通过交感与副交感神经的拮抗作用实现对生理活动的精准调控。学习目标在于理解反射弧的结构基础、神经元与胶质细胞的通讯功能，并掌握机体在应激状态下如何通过神经调节实现动态平衡。
本节课重点探讨了体液调节的机制及其在维持内环境稳态中的作用，详细解析了下丘脑作为“神经-体液转换器”在分级调节体系中的核心地位。通过学习激素的远程通信原理、反馈调节机制以及HPT轴等实例，学生将理解机体如何通过化学信使实现对代谢、体温及水盐平衡的精准调控。
本课程介绍了免疫系统的组成架构、三大功能（防御、自稳、监视）以及神经-内分泌-免疫调节网络。通过学习免疫器官、细胞及活性物质的协作机制，学生将理解机体如何通过识别HLA“身份标签”来区分“自己”与“非己”，并探讨了免疫异常（如过敏、溶血）及医学前沿应用。
本课程探讨了植物向光性的生理机制，重点分析了达尔文、鲍森·詹森及温特等科学家的经典实验，揭示了生长素作为化学信号在植物生长中的核心调节作用。学习目标包括理解生长素的合成部位、运输方式（极性与非极性运输）及其通过调控细胞伸长实现环境适应的科学逻辑。
Course Overview
📚 Content Summary
This course, based on the compulsory elective textbook Biology for senior high school (PEP Edition), delves into the human internal environment and homeostasis, neural regulation, humoral regulation, immune regulation, and the regulation of plant life activities. Through the study of physiological mechanisms and experimental investigations, it aims to cultivate students' scientific thinking and life concepts.
Explore the mysteries of life balance, master the mechanisms of biological homeostasis and precise regulation.
Author: People's Education Press, Curriculum and Textbook Research Institute, Biology Curriculum and Textbook Research and Development Center
Acknowledgments: Reviewed and approved by the National Textbook Committee Expert Committee in 2019
🎯 Learning Objectives
- Explain the composition of the internal environment and the interrelationships among its components, identifying blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
- Summarize the physicochemical properties of the internal environment (osmotic pressure, pH, temperature) and the process of substance exchange.
- Explain the concept of internal environment homeostasis, and infer the mechanism by which organisms maintain a stable pH through experiments.
- Use schematic diagrams to analyze and explain the processes of hierarchical regulation and feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.
- Summarize the characteristics of hormonal regulation and understand the basic concept of humoral regulation.
- Compare the similarities and differences between neural regulation and humoral regulation, and explain how they coordinate with each other.
- Accurately describe the composition of immune organs, immune cells, and immune active substances, and elucidate the three basic functions of the immune system.
- Be able to draw flowcharts of humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, and explain how they coordinate to eliminate pathogens.
- Use immunological principles to explain the mechanism of action of vaccines, the issue of immune rejection in organ transplantation, and the mechanism of allergic reactions.
Lessons
Overview: This teaching design covers the core content of "The Human Internal Environment and Homeostasis" in high school biology. By exploring the dynamic relationships among blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph, students will understand the nature of the internal environment as the direct environment for cellular life and master its physicochemical properties and regulatory mechanisms. This lesson emphasizes the significance of maintaining internal environment homeostasis for life activities through the "neural-humoral-immune" regulatory network.
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the composition of the internal environment and the interrelationships among its components, identifying blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
- Summarize the physicochemical properties of the internal environment (osmotic pressure, pH, temperature) and the process of substance exchange.
- Explain the concept of internal environment homeostasis, and infer the mechanism by which organisms maintain a stable pH through experiments.
Overview: This course aims to help students deeply understand the structural basis, basic modes, and information transmission mechanisms of neural regulation. Through a progressive learning approach from the cellular level (neurons and glial cells) to the organ-system level (central and peripheral nervous systems), and then to the functional level (reflexes, impulse conduction, hierarchical regulation, and higher brain functions), a complete knowledge system of neural regulation is constructed. It also focuses on the harm of drug abuse to neural health.
Learning Outcomes:
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Overview: This lesson focuses on the core mechanisms and physiological examples of humoral regulation. By analyzing the logic of thyroid hormone secretion, students will understand the hierarchical and feedback regulation mechanisms of hormonal regulation and summarize characteristics such as trace amounts with high efficacy. Based on this, it delves into how the body precisely regulates body temperature, water, and salt balance through the coordinated interplay of neural and humoral regulation, thereby maintaining internal environment homeostasis.
Learning Outcomes:
- Use schematic diagrams to analyze and explain the processes of hierarchical regulation and feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.
- Summarize the characteristics of hormonal regulation and understand the basic concept of humoral regulation.
- Compare the similarities and differences between neural regulation and humoral regulation, and explain how they coordinate with each other.
Overview: This teaching design covers the composition and functions of the immune system and its core role in maintaining bodily homeostasis. It focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of specific immunity (humoral and cell-mediated immunity), analyzes the causes of immune dysfunction (such as allergic reactions), and introduces the practical applications of immunology in vaccination and organ transplantation.
Learning Outcomes:
- Accurately describe the composition of immune organs, immune cells, and immune active substances, and elucidate the three basic functions of the immune system.
- Be able to draw flowcharts of humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, and explain how they coordinate to eliminate pathogens.
- Use immunological principles to explain the mechanism of action of vaccines, the issue of immune rejection in organ transplantation, and the mechanism of allergic reactions.
Overview: This teaching design covers the discovery process of auxin, its synthesis, transport, and distribution, its physiological effects, as well as the types and functions of other plant hormones. Through logical analysis of classic experiments, students will understand how plants regulate their own growth and development through chemical signals (hormones). They will also master the dual nature of auxin's physiological effects and its applications in agricultural production.
Learning Outcomes:
- Critically review the experimental design approaches of scientists like Darwin and Went, and summarize the discovery process of auxin.
- Elucidate the synthesis, polar transport mechanism, and distribution patterns of auxin in plants.
- Apply the dual nature of auxin's physiological effects to explain phenomena like apical dominance, and identify the main functions of other hormones such as gibberellins and ethylene.