【Shanghai Edition】Junior High School Science Grade 9, Term 1
This textbook for Grade 9, Term 1 covers three major areas: Physical Science (minerals, metals, acids, bases, and salts), Life Science (nutrition, energy exchange, and substance transport), and Physical Energy (electric circuits, electricity, and magnetism), aiming to develop students' scientific inquiry skills and comprehensive competencies.
Course Overview
📚 Content Summary
This textbook is for the first semester of Grade 9 Comprehensive Science, covering three major domains: Physical Sciences (minerals, metals, acids, bases, and salts), Life Sciences (nutrition, energy exchange, and substance transport), and Physical Energy (electric circuits, electricity, and magnetism). It aims to cultivate students' scientific inquiry abilities and comprehensive literacy.
An exploratory journey into the science of material transformation, life's mysteries, and energy flow.
Author: Hu Jiuhua, Liu Jian, Sui Shuguang
Acknowledgments: Approved by the Ministry of Education, 2013
🎯 Learning Objectives
- Be able to list physical properties of metals (such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, malleability) and identify common alloys and their uses.
- Master the chemical principles of iron smelting (carbon monoxide reduction of iron oxide) and write related chemical equations.
- Understand and apply the law of conservation of mass to explain mass changes before and after chemical reactions, and perform simple chemical calculations.
- Memorization and Differentiation: Be able to list common acids, bases, and salts found in daily life; understand the properties of concentrated sulfuric acid (hygroscopicity, dehydrating ability) and proper dilution procedures.
- Pattern Recognition: Understand and write chemical equations for reactions between acids and metals/metals oxides/salts, and between bases and non-metal oxides/salts; grasp the concept of neutralization reactions.
- Experimental Inquiry: Be able to distinguish acidity and alkalinity using color indicators (e.g., litmus), and design simple experiments to identify substances.
- Understand the definition and conditions for double displacement reactions, and use solubility tables to determine whether such reactions occur.
- Identify common chemical fertilizers and master simple identification methods.
- Learn the principles, apparatus selection, collection methods, and confirmation of fullness for oxygen and carbon dioxide preparation in the laboratory.
- Identification and Summarization: Be able to list the six major nutrients in food and the seventh nutrient (dietary fiber), and explain their physiological functions in the human body.
Lessons 共 8 课时 · 预计 24.0h
Lessons
Lesson
本课程重点探讨了金属的物理性能、合金的微观结构及其在工业中的应用，并深入讲解了铁的冶炼原理与质量守恒定律。通过学习金属活动性与化学反应中的质量分析，学生将掌握如何利用化学方程式进行定量计算，并理解物质在化学变化中的守恒本质。
本课程介绍了酸、碱、盐的科学定义、物理性质及识别方法，重点讲解了浓硫酸的特殊性质与安全操作规范。通过学习酸碱的化学通性及中和反应的微观本质，学生能够掌握如何利用化学知识解决生活中的实际问题，如除垢、除锈及酸碱中和的应用。
本课程重点讲解了复分解反应的原理与判定条件，探讨了盐类在农业化肥中的应用及科学施肥原则，并系统梳理了实验室制取气体的装置选择与操作规范。通过学习，学生将掌握物质转化中的化学逻辑、能量转化规律以及现代材料的性能辨析。
本课程系统介绍了人体七大营养素的生理功能，并深入解析了消化系统如何通过物理磨碎与化学酶解将大分子物质转化为可吸收的小分子。通过探讨小肠的结构与功能一致性，学生将理解营养物质在体内的消化、吸收机制及平衡膳食的重要性。
本课介绍了食物作为生物体能量来源的原理，重点探讨了不同营养物质的能量密度差异及“稀释效应”。通过科学实验，学生学习了利用热量转换公式 $Q = m \cdot \Delta t \cdot 4.2$ 测量食物能量，并分析了实验误差的来源及优化探究方案的方法。
本课程重点介绍了人体物质运输系统的核心机制，包括呼吸动力与肺活量、血液循环的路径（体循环与肺循环）、心脏的泵送结构以及淋巴系统的辅助功能。通过学习，学生将理解氧气如何通过呼吸系统进入循环，并掌握心脏瓣膜、血管分类及血液成分在维持生命活动和健康中的关键作用。
本课程介绍了电路的基本组成、状态及绘图规范，并深入讲解了电流、电压与电阻的测量准则及单位换算。通过学习欧姆定律及滑动变阻器的工作原理，学生将掌握如何分析电路参数并理解电学量之间的定量关系。
本课程深入探讨了电与磁的相互作用，涵盖了磁场本质、电流的磁效应、电磁铁的自动化控制以及电动机与电磁感应原理。通过学习磁化现象、奥斯特实验及电磁继电器等核心知识，学生将理解如何通过电流精准控制磁场，并掌握电能与机械能相互转化的物理机制。