【人教版】Junior High Biology Grade 7 Volume 2

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is a biology curriculum standard textbook for the second semester of Grade 7 in junior high school, with the theme "Humans in the Biosphere." The content covers the origin and evolution of humans, human nutrition, respiration, blood circulation, waste excretion, neural and hormonal regulation, as well as the impact of human activities on the ecological environment.

Explore the origins of life, decode the structure of the human body, and build a harmonious ecology together.

Author: People's Education Press, Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research Institute, Biology Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: This book was co-authored by multiple biologists and frontline teachers; images provided by Zhu Jing, Feng Yaohua, Liu Weiqiang, Ding Huanxin, Xin Tai, Li Chuan, Liu Yaqin, Chen Shuwen, Zhang Junxia, etc.; cover and layout designed by Wenlu Studio, among others.

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Summarize that humans originated from forest-dwelling apes, and describe the changes in morphological structure and lifestyle during the evolution from ape to human.
2. Be able to distinguish between scientific facts and opinions, and understand the process of childbirth and "test-tube baby" technology.
3. Identify the physiological and psychological changes during adolescence, and develop good adolescent hygiene habits.
4. Be able to name the six types of nutrients required by the human body and their functions, and attempt to measure the energy in food.
5. Be able to describe the composition of the human digestive system, and summarize the process of food digestion and nutrient absorption.
6. Explain the characteristics of the small intestine's structure that suit its function, and explain why the small intestine is the main organ for absorption.
7. Be able to accurately name the organs composing the respiratory system, and identify the main nutritional information on food ingredient labels.
8. Explain how the structure of the respiratory tract is adapted to its function of air processing, and understand the limitations of the respiratory tract's air processing capacity.
9. Through experiments simulating diaphragm movement, explain the relationship between changes in chest cavity volume and breathing, and be able to explain practical life issues such as long-distance running and drowning rescue.
10. Be able to identify the components of blood (plasma and blood cells), and describe the main functions of each component.

🔹 Lesson 1: The Origin of Humans: From Evolution to Development

Overview: This lesson covers the complete process of human origin, reproductive development, and adolescent changes. Starting from the evolutionary journey from forest-dwelling apes to modern humans, through skill training in distinguishing "facts" from "opinions," it delves into the physiological significance of childbirth, the development of assisted reproductive technology (test-tube babies), and the dramatic physical and psychological changes and health care for boys and girls upon entering adolescence.

Learning Outcomes:

• Summarize that humans originated from forest-dwelling apes, and describe the changes in morphological structure and lifestyle during evolution from ape to human.
• Be able to distinguish between scientific facts and opinions, and understand the process of childbirth and "test-tube baby" technology.
• Identify the physiological and psychological changes during adolescence, and develop good adolescent hygiene habits.

🔹 Lesson 2: Human Nutrition: Energy Sources, Digestion, and Absorption

Overview: This unit详细介绍 the functions and sources of the six major types of nutrients required by the human body (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, minerals, vitamins) and the seventh class of nutrients (dietary fiber). Through learning the composition of the digestive system and the structural characteristics of the small intestine, students will understand how food is converted from macromolecules into absorbable small molecules. Finally, through the "Balanced Diet Pagoda" and food safety knowledge, students will establish scientific eating habits and healthy living awareness.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to name the six types of nutrients required by the human body and their functions, and attempt to measure the energy in food.
• Be able to describe the composition of the human digestive system, and summarize the process of food digestion and nutrient absorption.
• Explain the characteristics of the small intestine's structure that suit its function, and explain why the small intestine is the main organ for absorption.

🔹 Lesson 3: Human Respiration: System Composition and Gas Exchange

Overview: This lesson covers a comprehensive analysis from a biology-related career (dietitian) to the human respiratory system. It focuses on the composition and structure of the respiratory system, detailed analysis of how the respiratory tract processes inhaled air by "warming, moistening, and cleaning," and revealing the dynamic principles of gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment (breathing movements) through demonstration experiments.

Learning Outcomes:

• Memorization and Description: Be able to accurately name the organs composing the respiratory system, and identify the main nutritional information on food ingredient labels.
• Understanding and Analysis: Explain how the structure of the respiratory tract is adapted to its function of air processing, and understand the limitations of the respiratory tract's air processing capacity.
• Experimentation and Application: Through experiments simulating diaphragm movement, explain the relationship between changes in chest cavity volume and breathing, and be able to explain practical life issues such as long-distance running and drowning rescue.

🔹 Lesson 4: Transport of Substances in the Human Body: The Core of Blood Circulation

Overview: This teaching design covers the three core components of the human blood circulatory system: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. By learning the components and functions of blood, the structural characteristics of blood vessels, and the pumping mechanism of the heart, students will build a complete picture of substance transport in the human body and master the methods of scientific inquiry through microscopic observation and data recording.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to identify the components of blood (plasma and blood cells), and describe the main functions of each component.
• Be able to distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries, and explain the characteristics of their structure that suit their functions.
• Be able to describe the structure of the heart, the function of valves, and the complete pathway of blood circulation (systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation).

🔹 Lesson 5: Excretion of Waste Products and Blood Transfusion Safety

Overview: This lesson covers the historical evolution of understanding blood circulation, the core principles of blood volume and safe blood transfusion, and the maintenance of cardiovascular health. By studying Harvey's experiments and the discovery of the ABO blood group system, students will establish a scientific evidence-based perspective and understand the significance of "component transfusion" and "voluntary blood donation" in modern medicine, while also gaining a preliminary understanding of the physiological basis for the excretion of waste products in the human body.

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand the history of the discovery of blood circulation, recognizing the driving role of experimental methods in the development of physiology.
• Master the types of ABO blood groups and the principles of safe blood transfusion, understanding the relationship between blood volume and health.
• Identify with the voluntary blood donation system, understand the advantages of component transfusion and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

🔹 Lesson 6: Regulation of Human Life Activities: Nerves and Hormones

Overview: This lesson covers the complete process of how the human body perceives the external environment (vision and hearing), processes information (composition and reflex mechanism of the nervous system), and internal regulation (hormonal regulation). By learning the structure of the eye and ear and their health care, mastering the basic unit of the nervous system – the structure of neurons and reflex arcs, and the regulatory role of major endocrine glands on life activities, students will understand how the human body achieves coordination and unity of life activities through the mechanism of "nervous regulation as the mainstay, supplemented by hormonal regulation."

Learning Outcomes:

• Identification and Description: Be able to accurately describe the structure of the eye and ear, and state the formation process of vision and hearing; identify the components of the nervous system and major endocrine glands.
• Analysis and Application: Be able to distinguish between simple reflexes and complex reflexes, explain the composition of the reflex arc, and analyze various diseases caused by hormonal imbalances.
• Practice and Health: Master the "three dos" and "four don'ts" for preventing myopia, measure reaction speed through experiments, and build health awareness for protecting sensory organs and the nervous system.

🔹 Lesson 7: Impact of Human Activities on the Biosphere

Overview: This lesson aims to explore the complex relationship between human activities and the biosphere. The curriculum covers the pressure of population growth on the environment, the positive and negative impacts of human activities, the hazards of biological invasion, and a focused investigation on the specific effects of environmental pollution like acid rain on organisms. Through simulated inquiry experiments, students will be guided to establish scientific environmental awareness and a concept of sustainable development.

Learning Outcomes:

• Analysis and Graphing: Be able to draw bar graphs by analyzing population growth data, elucidating the impact of population growth on resources and the environment.
• Identification and Evaluation: Distinguish between destructive and restorative human behaviors towards the ecological environment, understand the definition of biological invasion and its harm to ecological balance.
• Inquiry and Experimentation: Master the causes of acid rain formation and its pH standard, and be able to design simulated experiments to investigate the effects of acid rain on organisms (e.g., seed germination).