【PEP】High School Biology Compulsory Volume 2

📚 Content Summary

This course is based on the required textbook Biology 2 for regular high school, systematically covering the basic laws of genetics, the nature and expression of genes, biological variation, and evolutionary theory. The course guides students through scientific history to understand Mendel's laws, the chromosome theory, and core concepts of molecular genetics.

Explore the mysteries of life, decoding the genetic code from Mendel's laws to molecular evolution.

Author: People's Education Press, Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research Institute, Biology Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: This textbook has been approved by the Expert Committee of the National Textbook Committee. Contributors include Wang Ying, Wang Yongsheng, Wang Weiguang, among others.

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Describe Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments and the law of segregation.
2. Analyze Mendel's dihybrid cross experiments and the law of independent assortment.
3. Recognize the role of the "hypothetico-deductive method" in scientific inquiry, and be able to design preliminary genetic experiment plans.
4. Elucidate the behavioral changes of chromosomes during meiosis and the significance of fertilization for the genetic stability of organisms.
5. Based on Sutton's hypothesis and Morgan's fruit fly experiments, explain the experimental evidence for genes being located on chromosomes and its modern interpretation.
6. Using cases such as human red-green color blindness and vitamin D-resistant rickets, analyze and apply the principles of sex-linked inheritance.
7. Evaluate the scientific rationale and conclusions of the Streptococcus pneumoniae transformation experiment and the bacteriophage infection experiment, understanding the application of the "addition/subtraction principle" within them.
8. Outline the main features of the DNA double helix structure and perform related calculations using the principle of complementary base pairing.
9. Explain the process, characteristics, and experimental evidence of DNA semiconservative replication, and interpret its significance for genetic stability.
10. Outline the processes, sites, conditions, and products of genetic information transcription and translation.

🔹 Lesson 1: The Discovery of Genetic Factors

Overview: This unit takes Mendel's pea hybridization experiments as its main thread, systematically elaborating the basic laws of genetics. Starting from Academician Yuan Longping's lifelong pursuit of hybrid rice technology, it guides students into the hall of genetics, focusing on the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment discovered by Mendel through the "hypothetico-deductive method," and exploring the application of these laws in modern breeding and trait prediction.

Learning Outcomes:

• Describe Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments and the law of segregation.
• Analyze Mendel's dihybrid cross experiments and the law of independent assortment.
• Recognize the role of the "hypothetico-deductive method" in scientific inquiry, and be able to design preliminary genetic experiment plans.

🔹 Lesson 2: The Relationship Between Genes and Chromosomes

Overview: This instructional design covers the core mechanisms of genetics: from the cellular level of meiosis and fertilization, through the molecular/cellular level of the parallel relationship between genes and chromosomes, to the individual level of sex-linked inheritance patterns. Through learning, students will understand how organisms maintain genetic stability through meiosis and learn to use Morgan's experimental evidence to explain the arrangement of genes on chromosomes and their influence on sex-linked traits.

Learning Outcomes:

• Elucidate the behavioral changes of chromosomes during meiosis and the significance of fertilization for the genetic stability of organisms.
• Based on Sutton's hypothesis and Morgan's fruit fly experiments, explain the experimental evidence for genes being located on chromosomes and its modern interpretation.
• Using cases such as human red-green color blindness and vitamin D-resistant rickets, analyze and apply the principles of sex-linked inheritance.

🔹 Lesson 3: The Nature of Genes

Overview: By reviewing classic exploratory journeys in biological history, this unit establishes DNA as the primary genetic material, deeply analyzes the double helix structure of DNA and its semiconservative replication mechanism. Finally, it concretizes the abstract concept of "gene" as a segment of DNA with genetic effects, thereby elucidating the essence of life's continuity at the molecular level.

Learning Outcomes:

• Evaluate the scientific rationale and conclusions of the Streptococcus pneumoniae transformation experiment and the bacteriophage infection experiment, understanding the application of the "addition/subtraction principle" within them.
• Outline the main features of the DNA double helix structure and perform related calculations using the principle of complementary base pairing.
• Explain the process, characteristics, and experimental evidence of DNA semiconservative replication, and interpret its significance for genetic stability.

🔹 Lesson 4: Gene Expression

Overview: This instructional design covers the flow of genetic information from genes to proteins, analyzing in detail the molecular mechanisms of transcription and translation. The course will elaborate on the connotation and evolution of the central dogma, explore the deciphering process of the genetic code, and deeply analyze how genes determine biological traits by controlling protein synthesis, as well as the essential laws of selective gene expression underlying cell differentiation.

Learning Outcomes:

• Outline the processes, sites, conditions, and products of genetic information transcription and translation.
• Use mathematical derivation to explain the logic of codons and analyze the biological significance of their degeneracy and universality.
• Draw a diagram of the central dogma, illustrating the unity of matter, energy, and information in living systems.

🔹 Lesson 5: Gene Mutation and Other Variations

Overview: This unit focuses on the sources of heritable variation in organisms and their applications in medicine and agriculture. The content covers everything from gene mutations at the molecular level to chromosomal variations (including numerical and structural variations) at the cellular level, and how these variations lead to human genetic diseases. Through an in-depth understanding of variation mechanisms, students will learn how to prevent and treat genetic diseases using modern techniques such as genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic testing, and understand the social value of the genetic counselor profession.

Learning Outcomes:

• Elaborate on the concept, causes, and characteristics of gene mutations at the molecular level, and explain the mechanism of cellular carcinogenesis.
• Distinguish between chromosomal structural variations and numerical variations (haploidy, polyploidy), and master the experimental technique of inducing changes in chromosome number with low temperatures.
• Summarize the types of human genetic diseases and be able to use survey data and genetic principles for detection, prevention, and discussion of social ethics.

🔹 Lesson 6: The Evolution of Life

Overview: This instructional design covers the core evidence and mechanisms of biological evolution. Starting from evidence at the fossil, embryological, and molecular levels, it establishes the "theory of common descent"; it then delves into the formation of adaptations and their universality and relativity, emphasizing natural selection as the core driving force of evolution; finally, using mathematical models and the peppered moth case, it reveals how natural selection drives evolution by changing allele frequencies in populations.

Learning Outcomes:

• List and explain the various types of evidence for common ancestry among organisms (fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular level).
• Use the theory of natural selection to explain the formation of biological adaptations and understand their relativity.
• Accurately define concepts such as population, gene pool, and allele frequency, and master the mathematical calculation methods for allele frequencies.