【PEP】Junior High Chemistry Ninth Grade Volume 1

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is an introductory chemistry textbook for Grade 9 in junior high school. It covers fundamental chemistry concepts such as basic chemical principles, air composition, the microscopic structure of matter, water resources, chemical equations, and carbon oxides, emphasizing experimental inquiry and scientific thinking.

Embark on an exploratory journey into the microscopic world, mastering the mysteries of chemical experiments and scientific inquiry.

Author: Wang Jing, Zheng Changlong

Acknowledgments: Approved by the Ministry of Education in 2012, First Prize for National Excellent Textbook in the First National Textbook Construction Award

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Be able to list the applications of chemistry in improving pesticides and fertilizers, synthesizing drugs, developing materials, and protecting the environment, understanding "what is chemistry."
2. Understand the history of chemistry, including ancient techniques, modern atomic theory and molecular theory, as well as contemporary nanotechnology and green chemistry.
3. Accurately state the definition of chemistry: the science that studies the properties, composition, structure, and laws of change of matter at the molecular and atomic level.
4. Be able to accurately distinguish between physical changes and chemical changes, and differentiate between physical properties and chemical properties.
5. Be able to identify common chemical instruments, stating their names and main uses.
6. Master basic laboratory operations, including the proper use of reagents, heating substances, connecting apparatus, and washing equipment, according to standard procedures.
7. Be able to state the main components of air and their volume percentages, and be able to distinguish between pure substances and mixtures.
8. Master the chemical properties of oxygen (reactions with sulfur, iron, red phosphorus, etc.), and be able to identify combination reactions, decomposition reactions, and oxidation reactions.
9. Understand the principles of oxygen preparation in the laboratory (including the role of catalysts) and the physical principles of industrial oxygen production.
10. Be able to use the concepts of molecules and atoms to explain certain common phenomena, understanding the microscopic essence of chemical changes.

🔹 Lesson 1: Introduction: Chemistry Makes the World a More Colorful Place

Overview: This lesson serves as the opening chapter of the chemistry discipline, aiming to guide students into the world of chemistry. By showcasing the important role of chemistry in production and daily life, and outlining the development from ancient craftsmanship to modern molecular and atomic theory, it ultimately defines the scope of chemistry and its essential definition at the molecular and atomic level.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to list the applications of chemistry in improving pesticides and fertilizers, synthesizing drugs, developing materials, and protecting the environment, understanding "what is chemistry."
• Understand the history of chemistry, including ancient techniques, modern atomic theory and molecular theory, as well as contemporary nanotechnology and green chemistry.
• Accurately state the definition of chemistry: the science that studies the properties, composition, structure, and laws of change of matter at the molecular and atomic level.

🔹 Lesson 2: Unit 1: Entering the World of Chemistry

Overview: This unit serves as the foundation for learning chemistry. It focuses on the basic categories studied in chemistry: the changes and properties of matter, as well as fundamental laboratory operating procedures. Through learning, students will be able to distinguish between physical and chemical changes from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives, and master the essential skills for conducting scientific experiments safely and accurately in the laboratory.

Learning Outcomes:

• Analytical Skills: Be able to accurately distinguish between physical changes and chemical changes, and differentiate between physical properties and chemical properties.
• Identification Skills: Be able to identify common chemical instruments, stating their names and main uses.
• Operational Skills: Master basic laboratory operations, including the proper use of reagents, heating substances, connecting apparatus, and washing equipment, according to standard procedures.

🔹 Lesson 3: Unit 2: The Air Around Us

Overview: This unit focuses on the composition of air, the physical and chemical properties of oxygen, and the methods for preparing oxygen in the laboratory and industry. Through classic experiments like "red phosphorus combustion," students will learn how to quantitatively determine the components of air and master core chemical concepts such as mixtures, pure substances, combination reactions, decomposition reactions, and oxidation reactions.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to state the main components of air and their volume percentages, and be able to distinguish between pure substances and mixtures.
• Master the chemical properties of oxygen (reactions with sulfur, iron, red phosphorus, etc.), and be able to identify combination reactions, decomposition reactions, and oxidation reactions.
• Understand the principles of oxygen preparation in the laboratory (including the role of catalysts) and the physical principles of industrial oxygen production.

🔹 Lesson 4: Unit 3: The Mysteries of Matter's Composition

Overview: This unit leads students from the macroscopic world of matter into the microscopic world of particles. The core content covers the microscopic composition of matter (molecules, atoms, ions), the internal structure of atoms and their mass measurement (relative atomic mass), and the foundation of chemical language – elements, element symbols, and the periodic table.

Learning Outcomes:

• Microscopic Cognition: Be able to use the concepts of molecules and atoms to explain certain common phenomena, understanding the microscopic essence of chemical changes.
• Structural Cognition: Master the internal structure of atoms and their electrical relationships, understanding the definition of relative atomic mass.
• Symbol Usage: Memorize common element symbols, understand their meanings, and initially learn to use the periodic table to look up information.

🔹 Lesson 5: Unit 4: Water in Nature

Overview: This unit centers on "water," gradually guiding students from the macroscopic to the microscopic to understand the natural water resources and their chemical essence. Key teaching points cover the current state and protection of water resources, physical methods of water purification, experiments on water electrolysis revealing the composition of substances, and the use of a core tool in chemistry – chemical formulas and valences.

Learning Outcomes:

• Students can describe the distribution of Earth's water resources and identify the main sources of water pollution and their prevention measures.
• Students can correctly perform filtration operations and understand the steps of sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, and disinfection in the tap water production process.
• Students can analyze the composition of water through electrolysis experiments and accurately define elements, compounds, and oxides.

🔹 Lesson 6: Unit 5: Chemical Equations

Overview: This unit marks the beginning of quantitative research in junior high school chemistry. The core of the instruction revolves around the "Law of Conservation of Mass," extending from macroscopic phenomena to the microscopic rearrangement of atoms. This leads to the introduction of "chemical equations" as an internationally recognized chemical language, ultimately culminating in the quantitative calculation of substance masses using chemical equations.

Learning Outcomes:

• Mastering the Law of Conservation of Mass: Be able to describe the content of the law and understand the reason for equal mass before and after a reaction through experimental inquiry.
• Understanding the Microscopic Essence: Be able to explain why chemical reactions must obey the Law of Conservation of Mass from the perspective of the type, number, and mass of atoms.
• Standardized Writing Skills: Master the principles for writing chemical equations (based on objective facts and the law of conservation of mass), and be proficient in balancing chemical equations.

🔹 Lesson 7: Unit 6: Carbon and Carbon Oxides

Overview: This unit focuses on the diversity and chemical behavior of the element carbon and its oxides. The content covers the physical property differences among elemental carbon allotropes (diamond, graphite, C60) and their common chemical properties. It introduces the principles and apparatus for producing carbon dioxide in the laboratory in detail, and comparably studies the characteristics of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Learning Outcomes:

• Master the physical property differences among diamond, graphite, and C60 and their causes, understanding the adsorptive properties of activated carbon.
• Understand the stability of elemental carbon at room temperature and its activity at high temperatures (combustibility and reducibility).
• Learn the chemical principles for producing carbon dioxide in the laboratory, the selection of experimental apparatus, methods for checking air tightness, collection, and verification of fullness.

🔹 Lesson 8: Unit 7: Fuels and Their Utilization

Overview: This unit centers on the core concept of "fuel." It systematically introduces the conditions for combustion, the principles of fire extinguishing, and safety precautions. Additionally, it explores energy changes in chemical reactions (exothermic and endothermic), provides a detailed analysis of the use of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment, and finally looks ahead to the development and sustainable use of new energy sources.

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand the three necessary conditions for combustion, and be able to summarize fire extinguishing methods and the selection of fire extinguishers based on these principles.
• Master safety knowledge related to flammable and explosive substances, identify common safety signs, and understand the energy changes accompanying chemical reactions.
• Recognize the importance and non-renewability of fossil fuels, understand the conditions for complete fuel combustion and the necessity of developing clean energy sources (such as hydrogen, ethanol, and new energy sources).