【PEP】Junior High Biology, Grade 8, Volume 2

📚 Content Summary

This course covers the core knowledge of the eighth-grade second-semester biology curriculum, focusing on two main units: the continuation and development of life in the biosphere (reproduction, development, genetics, evolution) and healthy living (infectious diseases, immunity, medication, and first aid).

Explore the mysteries of life's continuation and establish a scientific and healthy lifestyle.

Author: People's Education Press, Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research Institute, Biology Curriculum and Teaching Materials Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: This book is supported by multiple research institutions and image-providing units, including Beijing Qixiang Yuzhou Art Design Co., Ltd.

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Be able to distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction, and provide examples of the application of asexual reproduction in production practices (e.g., grafting, cutting, tissue culture).
2. Be able to describe the reproductive and developmental processes and characteristics of insects (complete and incomplete metamorphosis), amphibians, and birds.
3. Be able to identify the structure of a bird egg and explain the function of each part, understanding the adaptability of organisms to the terrestrial environment.
4. Be able to accurately describe the hierarchical relationship among chromosomes, DNA, and genes, and explain the laws of gene transmission during the reproductive process.
5. Be able to use the principles of Mendel's pea hybridization experiments to analyze the inheritance of dominant and recessive traits, and explain the scientific basis for prohibiting close-relative marriage.
6. Be able to distinguish between heritable and non-heritable variation, and explain how the environment and genes jointly affect biological traits.
7. Be able to describe the composition of the primitive atmosphere and infer the process of the origin of life based on the Miller-Urey experiment.
8. Be able to use comparative methods to analyze fossils, anatomical structures, and molecular biology data, summarizing the overall trends of biological evolution.
9. Be able to explain the formation of protective coloration through simulation experiments and use the theory of natural selection to explain the causes of biological evolution.
10. Be able to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious diseases, and state the three basic links for the prevalence of infectious diseases and their preventive measures.

🔹 Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development of Organisms

Overview: This teaching design covers the major modes of reproduction and development in the biological world, starting from sexual and asexual reproduction in plants, and delving into the life cycles of insects, amphibians, and birds. The core goal is to help students understand how organisms adapt to their environments and ensure the continuation of life through different reproductive strategies (such as metamorphosis, fertilization, and complex breeding behaviors).

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction, and provide examples of the application of asexual reproduction in production practices (e.g., grafting, cutting, tissue culture).
• Be able to describe the reproductive and developmental processes and characteristics of insects (complete and incomplete metamorphosis), amphibians, and birds.
• Be able to identify the structure of a bird egg and explain the function of each part, understanding the adaptability of organisms to the terrestrial environment.

🔹 Lesson 2: Genetics and Variation of Organisms

Overview: This lesson covers core genetic concepts from the molecular level to individual expression. It focuses on the relationship between genes, DNA, and chromosomes, explains how genes are transmitted between parents and offspring through reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells), and analyzes the expression patterns of dominant and recessive genes on traits. Additionally, this lesson delves into the phenomena and causes of biological variation (the combined effect of genetic material and the environment), as well as how humans use the principles of genetic variation for artificial selection, crossbreeding, and mutation breeding.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately describe the hierarchical relationship among chromosomes, DNA, and genes, and explain the laws of gene transmission during the reproductive process.
• Be able to use the principles of Mendel's pea hybridization experiments to analyze the inheritance of dominant and recessive traits, and explain the scientific basis for prohibiting close-relative marriage.
• Be able to distinguish between heritable and non-heritable variation, and explain how the environment and genes jointly affect biological traits.

🔹 Lesson 3: Origin of Life and Biological Evolution

Overview: This course module covers everything from scientific hypotheses about the origin of life to the evidence, processes, and core driving force of biological evolution – natural selection. Students will first learn about the transformation of non-living matter into living matter through the Miller-Urey experiment. Then, they will learn how to reconstruct the tree-like process of biological evolution using comparative methods and fossil evidence. Finally, they will deeply explore Darwin's theory of natural selection, understanding how organisms continuously evolve through heredity, variation, and environmental adaptation.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to describe the composition of the primitive atmosphere and infer the process of the origin of life based on the Miller-Urey experiment.
• Be able to use comparative methods to analyze fossils, anatomical structures, and molecular biology data, summarizing the overall trends of biological evolution.
• Be able to explain the formation of protective coloration through simulation experiments and use the theory of natural selection to explain the causes of biological evolution.

🔹 Lesson 4: Infectious Diseases and Immunity

Overview: This lesson covers the basic theory of infectious diseases and their prevention, the three lines of defense of the human immune system, and knowledge related to planned immunization. Students will learn how to identify the three basic links for the prevalence of infectious diseases (source of infection, route of transmission, susceptible population), understand the difference between non-specific and specific immunity, and grasp common knowledge about the prevention of AIDS.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious diseases, and state the three basic links for the prevalence of infectious diseases and their preventive measures.
• Be able to describe the composition and function of the three lines of defense of the human body, and distinguish between non-specific immunity and specific immunity.
• Understand the relationship between antigens, antibodies, and vaccines, and recognize the importance of planned immunization and AIDS prevention.

🔹 Lesson 5: Medication and First Aid

Overview: This lesson focuses on the basic knowledge of safe medication, including the difference between prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, how to read medication instructions, and how to equip a household medicine cabinet. At the same time, it covers key first-aid knowledge, especially the standardized steps of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (C-A-B procedure) and methods for managing different types of bleeding (capillary, venous, arterial), aiming to enhance students' ability to help themselves and others in emergencies.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately distinguish between prescription drugs and OTC drugs, and master the key information for reading medication instructions.
• Be able to design a scientifically sound and reasonable medicine cabinet for home or travel based on actual needs.
• Master the key points of calling the emergency number (120) and be proficient in describing the operating procedures for CPR and three types of external bleeding control.

🔹 Lesson 6: Understanding Yourself, Enhancing Health

Overview: This unit aims to guide students to comprehensively understand the concept of health from three dimensions: physical, mental, and social well-being, and learn methods to evaluate their own health status. The course focuses on techniques for emotional regulation, the potential harm of unhealthy lifestyles (scientifically inferred through a Daphnia experiment), and how to establish a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, exercise, and good habits.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to accurately state the definition of health and evaluate one's own health status using the BMI formula and the three health dimensions.
• Master and apply three methods of emotional regulation (redirecting attention, expressing feelings, self-consolation) to maintain a happy mood.
• By analyzing the specific mortality rate data from 1957 and 2009, explain the impact of lifestyle on health.