【People's Education Edition】Senior High School Chemistry Elective Compulsory Volume 1

📚 Content Summary

This course covers the core content of Selective Compulsory Chemistry 1 in high school, focusing on the thermal effects of chemical reactions, reaction rates and chemical equilibrium, ion reactions in aqueous solutions, and electrochemical principles.

Explore the mysteries of energy and equilibrium, mastering the fundamental principles of chemical reactions.

Author: People's Education Press Curriculum Textbook Research Institute, Chemistry Curriculum Textbook Research and Development Center

Acknowledgments: Approved by the National Textbook Committee Expert Committee (2019)

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Master the relationship between reaction heat and enthalpy change (\Delta H), and calculate reaction heat using bond energies or total substance energy.
2. Skillfully write and interpret thermochemical equations, clearly understanding the relationship between states, stoichiometric coefficients, and energy changes.
3. Apply Hess’s Law to calculate enthalpy changes for multi-step reactions, and design experiments to measure the heat of neutralization reactions.
4. Quantitative and microscopic analysis ability: Master calculation of reaction rates and their proportional relationships, and use collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rates.
5. Application of equilibrium principles: Understand the characteristics of chemical equilibrium states, proficiently write equilibrium constant expressions, and predict the direction of equilibrium shifts based on Le Chatelier’s Principle.
6. Comprehensive control and judgment ability: Master the criteria for determining reaction spontaneity (\Delta G), and apply rate and equilibrium theories to optimize industrial production conditions (e.g., ammonia synthesis).
7. Understand water ionization and solution acidity/basicity: Master the ion product constant of water K_w, perform simple pH calculations, and comprehend the experimental principles and procedures of neutralization titration.
8. Master salt hydrolysis rules: Analyze how different salts affect solution acidity/basicity, and apply charge conservation and material balance to handle ion concentration relationships in solutions.
9. Analyze precipitation-dissolution equilibrium: Understand the meaning of solubility product K_{sp}, and use the relationship between ion concentration quotient Q and K_{sp} to determine whether precipitation forms, dissolves, or transforms.
10. Be able to distinguish and explain the working principles of galvanic cells and electrolytic cells, and accurately write electrode reactions and overall reaction equations.

🔹 Lesson 1: Thermal Effects of Chemical Reactions

Overview: This lesson aims to deeply explore energy changes in chemical reactions, centered around "reaction heat." Topics include experimental determination of reaction heat (neutralization reactions), thermodynamic definitions (enthalpy change), standard representation (thermochemical equations), specific reaction heats (heat of combustion), and theoretical calculation of multi-step reaction heats (Hess’s Law). Through this lesson, students will gain a quantitative understanding of energy conservation and transformation in chemical reactions.

Learning Outcomes:

• Master the relationship between reaction heat and enthalpy change (\Delta H), and calculate reaction heat using bond energies or total substance energy.
• Skillfully write and interpret thermochemical equations, clearly understanding the relationship between states, stoichiometric coefficients, and energy changes.
• Apply Hess’s Law to calculate enthalpy changes for multi-step reactions, and design experiments to measure the heat of neutralization reactions.

🔹 Lesson 2: Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium

Overview: This module delves into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chemical reactions. It explores reaction speed and its microscopic collision mechanisms through "reaction rates," investigates reaction limits and control methods via "chemical equilibrium," and applies concepts of "entropy" and "free energy" to determine reaction direction. Finally, theoretical knowledge is applied to real-world industrial processes such as ammonia synthesis, cultivating students’ comprehensive ability to analyze chemical problems from multiple perspectives.

Learning Outcomes:

• Quantitative and microscopic analysis ability: Master calculation of reaction rates and their proportional relationships, and use collision theory to explain the influence of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rates.
• Application of equilibrium principles: Understand the characteristics of chemical equilibrium states, proficiently write equilibrium constant expressions, and predict the direction of equilibrium shifts based on Le Chatelier’s Principle.
• Comprehensive control and judgment ability: Master the criteria for determining reaction spontaneity (\Delta G), and combine rate and equilibrium theories to optimize industrial production conditions (e.g., ammonia synthesis).

🔹 Lesson 3: Ion Reactions and Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions

Overview: This instructional design covers the core content of four major equilibria in aqueous solutions: water ionization equilibrium, acid-base neutralization titration, salt hydrolysis equilibrium, and precipitation-dissolution equilibrium of sparingly soluble electrolytes. By combining quantitative aspects (K_w, pH, K_{sp}) with qualitative reasoning (principles of equilibrium shift, conservation concepts), it reveals the essential laws governing ion reactions in aqueous solutions and their applications in daily life and industry (e.g., water treatment, medical diagnostics, substance purification).

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand water ionization and solution acidity/basicity: Master the ion product constant of water K_w, perform simple pH calculations, and comprehend the experimental principles and procedures of neutralization titration.
• Master salt hydrolysis rules: Analyze how different salts affect solution acidity/basicity, and apply charge conservation and material balance to handle ion concentration relationships in solutions.
• Analyze precipitation-dissolution equilibrium: Understand the meaning of solubility product K_{sp}, and use the relationship between concentration quotient Q and K_{sp} to determine whether precipitation forms, dissolves, or transforms.

🔹 Lesson 4: Chemical Reactions and Electrical Energy

Overview: This course aims to help students understand the mutual conversion between chemical energy and electrical energy, enabling mastery of the working principles of galvanic cells and electrolytic cells. Content spans from basic battery models to practical applications such as chemical power sources (primary, secondary, and fuel cells), and extends to the industrial application of electrolysis technology. Finally, the course focuses on the mechanisms of metal corrosion and electrochemical protection strategies, building a complete electrochemistry knowledge system.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to distinguish and explain the working principles of galvanic cells and electrolytic cells, and accurately write electrode reactions and overall reaction equations.
• Be able to classify and evaluate the performance of chemical power sources (primary batteries, secondary batteries, fuel cells) based on cell structure and reaction principles.
• Be able to differentiate between chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion (hydrogen evolution and oxygen absorption corrosion) of metals, and select appropriate electrochemical protection methods (sacrificial anode method or impressed current method) according to actual scenarios.