【Shanghai Edition】Junior High School Science Grade 9, Term 1

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is for the first semester of Grade 9 Comprehensive Science, covering three major domains: Physical Sciences (minerals, metals, acids, bases, and salts), Life Sciences (nutrition, energy exchange, and substance transport), and Physical Energy (electric circuits, electricity, and magnetism). It aims to cultivate students' scientific inquiry abilities and comprehensive literacy.

An exploratory journey into the science of material transformation, life's mysteries, and energy flow.

Author: Hu Jiuhua, Liu Jian, Sui Shuguang

Acknowledgments: Approved by the Ministry of Education, 2013

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Be able to list physical properties of metals (such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, malleability) and identify common alloys and their uses.
2. Master the chemical principles of iron smelting (carbon monoxide reduction of iron oxide) and write related chemical equations.
3. Understand and apply the law of conservation of mass to explain mass changes before and after chemical reactions, and perform simple chemical calculations.
4. Memorization and Differentiation: Be able to list common acids, bases, and salts found in daily life; understand the properties of concentrated sulfuric acid (hygroscopicity, dehydrating ability) and proper dilution procedures.
5. Pattern Recognition: Understand and write chemical equations for reactions between acids and metals/metals oxides/salts, and between bases and non-metal oxides/salts; grasp the concept of neutralization reactions.
6. Experimental Inquiry: Be able to distinguish acidity and alkalinity using color indicators (e.g., litmus), and design simple experiments to identify substances.
7. Understand the definition and conditions for double displacement reactions, and use solubility tables to determine whether such reactions occur.
8. Identify common chemical fertilizers and master simple identification methods.
9. Learn the principles, apparatus selection, collection methods, and confirmation of fullness for oxygen and carbon dioxide preparation in the laboratory.
10. Identification and Summarization: Be able to list the six major nutrients in food and the seventh nutrient (dietary fiber), and explain their physiological functions in the human body.

🔹 Lesson 1: Minerals and Metals

Overview: This lesson guides students to understand the process of extracting metals from minerals and its underlying chemical principles. It emphasizes metal physical properties and alloy applications, delves into the principles of iron smelting and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. Through experimental investigation of metal reactions with acids and salt solutions, students will develop an initial understanding of metal activity and fundamental rules of substance transformation.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to list physical properties of metals (electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, malleability, etc.) and identify common alloys and their uses.
• Master the chemical principle of iron smelting (reduction of iron oxide by carbon monoxide) and write relevant chemical equations.
• Understand and apply the law of conservation of mass to explain mass changes before and after chemical reactions, and perform simple chemical calculations.

🔹 Lesson 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Overview: This instructional design covers core content in middle school chemistry: properties and applications of acids, bases, and salts. It focuses on the physical characteristics and reaction patterns of common acids (e.g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) and bases (e.g., sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide). Through neutralization reactions, it reveals the essence of acid-base interactions and extends to recognizing common salts in daily life. The course aims to help students establish the chemical concept that "composition determines properties, and properties determine uses."

Learning Outcomes:

• Memorization and Differentiation: Be able to list common acids, bases, and salts found in everyday life; understand the properties of concentrated sulfuric acid (hygroscopicity, dehydrating ability) and correct dilution procedures.
• Pattern Recognition: Understand and write chemical equations for reactions between acids and metals/metals oxides/salts, and between bases and non-metal oxides/salts; grasp the concept of neutralization reactions.
• Experimental Inquiry: Be able to distinguish acidity and alkalinity using color reactions (indicators), and design simple experiments to identify substances.

🔹 Lesson 3: Transformation and Application of Substances

Overview: This instructional design covers core content in middle school chemistry, focusing on salt properties, the principles of double displacement reactions, and their application in chemical fertilizers. Through examples of laboratory preparation of oxygen and carbon dioxide, students will learn the principles and apparatus for producing substances via chemical reactions. The lesson also extends to understanding organic synthetic materials and the laws governing energy transformation (thermal energy, electrical energy) in chemical reactions.

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand the definition and conditions for double displacement reactions, and use solubility tables to determine if such reactions occur.
• Identify common chemical fertilizers and master simple identification methods.
• Learn the principles, apparatus selection, collection methods, and confirmation of fullness for oxygen and carbon dioxide preparation in the laboratory.

🔹 Lesson 4: How Organisms Obtain Nutrition

Overview: This lesson aims to guide students in understanding the nutrients essential for sustaining life in organisms and how these nutrients are transformed within the human body. Topics include the roles of the six major nutrients and dietary fiber in food, how the digestive system breaks down complex organic molecules into absorbable small molecules through both mechanical and chemical digestion, and a focus on the structural features of the small intestine as the primary site of absorption. It concludes with guidance on applying the "Balanced Diet Pyramid" to promote healthy living.

Learning Outcomes:

• Identification and Summarization: Be able to list the six major nutrients in food and the seventh nutrient (dietary fiber), and explain their physiological functions in the human body.
• Analysis and Differentiation: Be able to distinguish mechanical digestion from chemical digestion, and explain the specific roles of saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids in the digestive process.
• Explanation and Evaluation: Be able to describe structural differences in absorption functions between the small intestine and large intestine, and evaluate or design a daily meal plan based on balanced dietary principles.

🔹 Lesson 5: How Organisms Obtain Energy

Overview: This lesson focuses on the source of human energy—food—and how to measure the amount of energy contained in different foods through experimental methods. It also emphasizes the importance of food safety when obtaining energy. By learning to interpret food labels and follow dietary guidelines, students ensure that the energy they consume is both sufficient and safe.

Learning Outcomes:

• Explain Energy Sources: Understand that food is the primary source of energy for human life activities, and be able to differentiate between the energy density of various foods (e.g., “energy bombs”).
• Master Measurement Methods: Learn and practice the experiment to determine energy content in food, including mastering the heat calculation formula and the principle of controlling variables in experimental design.
• Focus on Food Safety: Clearly define food safety, accurately identify labels such as QS (Quality and Safety), green food, and health supplements, and understand the importance of hygiene in balanced diets.

🔹 Lesson 6: Transport of Substances in the Human Body

Overview: This instructional design covers the core mechanisms of substance transport in the human body, starting with measuring lung capacity in the respiratory system and delving into the three pillars of the circulatory system: pathways (heart and blood vessels), carriers (blood), and transport routes (systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, and lymphatic circulation). The lesson also explains the excretion of metabolic waste products and the maintenance of internal environmental balance, culminating in practical applications of health indicators such as heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure measurement.

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand the scientific definitions and measurement methods for lung capacity, heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.
• Identify the structure of the heart, types of blood vessels, and their functional adaptations; understand the ABO blood type system and principles of safe blood transfusion.
• Describe the processes of systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, and lymphatic circulation, and explain the physiological significance of substance exchange and excretion.

🔹 Lesson 7: Electric Current and Household Circuits

Overview: This lesson covers foundational core content in middle school physics related to electricity. Starting with identifying circuit components and circuit diagram symbols, students will learn the definitions, units, and measurement tools (ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat) for the three fundamental electrical quantities: current, voltage, and resistance. Finally, Ohm’s Law reveals the quantitative relationship among them, while exploring the two basic circuit configurations—series and parallel—and their characteristics.

Learning Outcomes:

• Memorization and Diagramming: Be able to recognize circuit component symbols, accurately distinguish the three states of a circuit (closed circuit, open circuit, short circuit), and draw circuit diagrams properly.
• Experimental Operation: Master correct connection methods and reading rules for ammeters, voltmeters, and rheostats; understand the principle by which variable resistors change resistance.
• Understanding and Application: Deeply understand Ohm’s Law I=U/R, perform simple circuit calculations, and differentiate the connection characteristics and switch control functions in series and parallel circuits.

🔹 Lesson 8: Electricity and Magnetism

Overview: This course systematically explores the intrinsic connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena, covering topics from basic concepts of magnetization and magnetic fields to modern applications of electromagnetic waves in communication technology. Students will learn how electric current generates magnetic fields (electricity produces magnetism), how magnetic fields exert forces on electric currents (electromagnets and electric motors), and how changing magnetic fields induce electric current (magnetism produces electricity/electromagnetic induction). Ultimately, they will understand how these principles form the foundation of modern AC generators and electromagnetic communication systems.

Learning Outcomes:

• Be able to explain magnetization phenomena, describe magnetic field properties, and skillfully draw magnetic field lines for bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, and current-carrying solenoids.
• Understand the conditions for electricity producing magnetism and magnetism producing electricity; know the factors affecting electromagnet strength and the working principle of electromagnetic relays.
• Master the basic construction, energy conversion processes of DC motors and AC generators, and the fundamental propagation laws of electromagnetic waves (formula c = \lambda f).